Human Error: The Silent Culprit Behind Most Data Breaches
Despite the headlines about sophisticated cyberattacks and zero-day exploits, many devastating data breaches start with something much simpler: human error. Learn how everyday mistakes can create open doors for attackers and how to prevent them with proper tooling and practices.
Human Error: The Silent Culprit Behind Most Data Breaches
The Most Common Mistakes That Lead to Devastating Security Incidents
Despite the headlines about sophisticated cyberattacks and zero-day exploits, many devastating data breaches start with something much simpler: human error. Learn how everyday mistakes can create open doors for attackers and how to prevent them with proper tooling and practices.
Despite the headlines about sophisticated cyberattacks and zero-day exploits, many devastating data breaches start with something much simpler: human error. Our security scanners routinely detect sensitive data exposed through everyday mistakes made during development.
Key Takeaway: These aren't complex attacks requiring advanced technical skills—they're common slip-ups that create an open door for attackers. By understanding and addressing these human errors, organizations can significantly reduce their breach risk.
The Accidental Git Commit
It happens to even experienced developers: testing a feature locally with real credentials, then accidentally pushing those secrets to version control when committing code changes.
The Dangerous Pattern
Risky Code:
// config/dev.js (Mistakenly committed to Git)
module.exports = {
DATABASE_URL: 'postgres://user:RealPassword123@prod-db.example.com:5432/mydatabase',
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: 'AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE',
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: 'wJalrXUtnFEMI/K7MDENG/bPxRfiCYEXAMPLEKEY'
};
Better Approach:
// .gitignore entry:
config/*.js
*.env
// Load in code:
const config = {
DATABASE_URL: process.env.DATABASE_URL,
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: process.env.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID,
// ... etc. fetched from environment or secrets manager
};
Once secrets are committed to a repository—even if deleted in a subsequent commit—they remain in the Git history, potentially accessible to anyone with repository access.
Real-World Impact
In 2020, a major financial services company exposed API keys through an accidental Git commit. The keys remained in the repository's Git history for over two months before discovery. This oversight potentially exposed thousands of customer records, requiring emergency key rotation and a comprehensive security audit.
Hardcoding Secrets in Source Code
Another common mistake is embedding credentials, API keys, or other secrets directly in application code. This pattern is particularly dangerous in mobile apps where decompilation is relatively straightforward.
The Dangerous Pattern
Risky Code:
// In an Android App source file
public class ApiClient {
// API key directly in the code - easily found by decompiling the app!
private static final String API_KEY = "shh_this_is_super_secret_12345";
public void makeApiCall() {
// ... code that uses API_KEY ...
}
}
Better Approach:
// Using Android's secure storage mechanisms
public class ApiClient {
private String apiKey;
public ApiClient(Context context) {
// Fetch at runtime from secure storage
KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("AndroidKeyStore");
keyStore.load(null);
KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry secretKeyEntry = (KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry) keyStore.getEntry("api_key", null);
this.apiKey = new String(secretKeyEntry.getSecretKey().getEncoded());
}
}
Real-World Impact
A popular fitness app in 2021 was found to have hardcoded AWS credentials in its mobile application code. Once discovered, attackers gained access to an S3 bucket containing user profile photos and activity data for millions of users. The breach was only discovered after user data appeared for sale on underground forums.
Logging Sensitive Data
During development and debugging, it's tempting to log everything to understand application flow. However, accidentally logging passwords, session tokens, or personal information creates significant security risks.
The Dangerous Pattern
Risky Code:
# Logging sensitive details during payment processing
try:
user_payment_info = process_payment(user_id, credit_card_details)
# OOPS! Logging potentially full credit card details
logger.info(f"Payment processed successfully for user {user_id}. Details: {user_payment_info}")
except Exception as e:
# DOUBLE OOPS! Logging sensitive input data on failure
logger.error(f"Payment failed for user {user_id}. Input: {credit_card_details}. Error: {e}")
Better Approach:
# Safe logging practices
try:
transaction_id = process_payment(user_id, credit_card_details)
logger.info(f"Payment processed successfully for user {user_id}. Transaction ID: {transaction_id}")
except Exception as e:
# Log only the error type and non-sensitive context
logger.error(f"Payment failed for user {user_id}. Error type: {e.__class__.__name__}", exc_info=True)
Real-World Impact
In 2022, a healthcare provider discovered that patient information—including names, addresses, and partial medical records—had been exposed in application logs stored in their Elasticsearch instance. The logs were collected from their patient portal application, which had been logging detailed user information during error conditions for several months.
Building a Human-Error-Resistant Security Culture
Human mistakes are inevitable, but their impact doesn't have to be catastrophic. By implementing the right tools, processes, and developer education, most of these common errors can be prevented before they lead to a breach.
Best Practices to Minimize Risk
Centralize Secrets Management
- Never store secrets in code or commit them to Git
- Use dedicated tools like HashiCorp Vault, AWS Secrets Manager, Azure Key Vault
- These platforms provide secure storage, access control, secret rotation, and audit capabilities
Automate Secrets Detection
- Implement pre-commit hooks that prevent secrets from being committed
- Set up CI/CD pipeline scans that fail builds if secrets are detected
- Run periodic repository scans to detect secrets in existing code
Implement Secure Logging
- Create a clear list of what should never be logged (passwords, tokens, PII)
- Implement log masking for sensitive fields (e.g.,
"credit_card":"****1234"
) - Establish appropriate access controls for logging systems
Continuous Education
- Regular training on secure coding practices
- Security-focused code reviews
- Shared post-mortems for security incidents (even near-misses)
- Recognition for reporting security issues
Why These Measures Matter
Prevention: Stopping breaches before they happen saves millions in recovery costs
Compliance: Meeting regulatory requirements for data protection
Trust: Maintaining customer confidence in your security practices
Efficiency: Security automation frees developer time for innovation
The Stats That Matter
The numbers speak volumes about the critical importance of addressing human error in security:
1.7M+ Secrets Blocked GitHub prevented over 1.7 million secrets from being exposed in public repositories in 2022 alone
$4.5M Average Breach Cost Organizations face an average of $4.5 million in costs when credentials are exposed and exploited
85% Human Error Factor The vast majority of data breaches involve human error, including accidental secret exposure during development
Conclusion: Security Is a Team Sport
Most data breaches aren't the result of sophisticated attacks—they stem from simple human errors that could have been prevented with proper tools and practices. By acknowledging this reality and implementing the preventive measures outlined above, organizations can significantly reduce their risk exposure.
Remember: security isn't just about fancy technology and complex defenses; it's about creating an environment where it's harder to make mistakes and easier to catch them when they do happen.Key Action Items:
1. Implement automation – Secret scanning tools can prevent the vast majority of credential exposures
2. Create security guardrails – Make it easy for developers to do the right thing with proper tools and templates
3. Foster a security culture – Education and awareness are just as important as technical controls
4. Remember the human factor – Even the best developers make mistakes; design systems that catch them
Protect Against Human Error with Puaro
Ready to implement automated secret detection that prevents human error? Contact our experts to learn how Puaro can help your team avoid costly mistakes.